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Industrial Emissions

In the EU​
  • Over 50 000 industrial installations covered by current EU rules
  • Almost 50% of total emissions derive from industrial activity
​In the dynamic landscape of Europe's economy, industrial activities stand as both pillars of economic strength and sources of significant environmental challenges. Recognizing the delicate balance between industrial development and environmental preservation, the European Union has taken decisive steps to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial emissions and enhance industrial safety.

The Environmental Footprint of Industrial Activities
Industrial installations, particularly the largest ones, are major contributors to atmospheric pollution, accounting for almost half of total emissions in the EU. These emissions are not limited to the air; they also impact water and soil, disrupt ecosystems, damage crops, and pose risks to the built environment. Beyond their environmental consequences, these emissions carry profound implications for public health, underscoring the urgent need for effective regulation and control.

EU Legislation on Industrial Emissions
To address these challenges, the EU has enacted comprehensive legislation covering over 50,000 industrial installations. This regulatory framework aims to curb the harmful emissions produced by industrial activities, ensuring that they align with the ambitious goals set forth in the Zero Pollution action plan. By establishing stringent standards and monitoring mechanisms, the EU seeks to safeguard both the natural environment and the well-being of its citizens.

Objectives and Goals
The European Union's strategy on industrial emissions and safety is multifaceted, focusing on:
  • Regulating Noxious Emissions: Setting limits on emissions from industrial activities to minimize their negative impacts on the environment and human health.
  • Reducing Environmental Impacts: Implementing measures to lower the overall environmental footprint of industrial operations, including reductions in waste generation and energy consumption.
  • Raising Awareness: Enhancing understanding of the detrimental effects of industrial emissions among stakeholders, including industry participants, policymakers, and the public.
  • Promoting Greener Industry: Encouraging the transition towards more sustainable industrial practices that are in harmony with ecological principles and objectives.
  • Preventing Major Accidents: Establishing safeguards against incidents involving dangerous substances, thereby protecting communities and the environment from potential disasters.

Toward a Sustainable Industrial Future
In its pursuit of a more sustainable and resilient industrial sector, the European Union underscores the critical importance of innovation, responsibility, and collaboration. By integrating environmental considerations into the heart of industrial activities, the EU not only aims to reduce the ecological footprint of its economic activities but also to lead by example in the global effort to achieve a greener, more sustainable future. Through stringent regulation, awareness campaigns, and a commitment to safety, the EU is forging a path towards an industry that contributes positively to both the economy and the environment.
​

Specific policies

Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
Main EU Directive preventing and controlling industrial emissions. Go to Pollution page to check the amending procedure on IED.

European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)
Key environmental data from industrial facilities in EU countries

Medium Combustion Plant Directive (MCPD)
Regulating pollutant emissions from the fuel combustion in medium-sized plants

Industrial safety
Preventing and mitigating the risk of industrial accidents

Petrol storage and distribution
Preventing emissions when storing and distributing petrol

Net-Zero Industry Act (Proposal for EU Regulation)

  • On 16 March 2023, the EU Commission presented a Proposal for a Regulation on the Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA).
  • The European Parliament and the EU Council reached a provisional agreement on the final text.
  • On 25 April 2024, the European Parliament voted on this provisional agreement.
  • The Council is now awaiting to give its approval.

Discussions between European Parliament and EU Council

The discussions between the European Parliament and the EU Council on the NZIA were indeed challenging and critical. The main points of contention were Article 20, which pertains to market access, and the definition of net-zero technologies, particularly the inclusion of nuclear energy.

The debates were intense due to several key issues.

Firstly, there were significant disagreements over the criteria for resilience auctions, which are designed to ensure that a portion of public tenders for renewable energy projects meet specific resilience criteria. This involves assessing technology suppliers based on their sustainability, cyber and data security, and their ability to deliver innovative solutions. Each member state has the flexibility to prioritize different aspects of these criteria based on their market needs.

Another major point of contention was the inclusion of nuclear energy as a net-zero technology. While it was not initially included in the European Commission's proposal, the Council of Ministers later added it, leading to further debate. The solar industry also raised concerns about the timeline for implementing the new regulations, arguing that the European wind sector is better prepared to meet demand compared to photovoltaic (PV) manufacturers, which face more significant challenges.

These disagreements required extensive negotiations to reach a provisional agreement, which was finally achieved in February 2024. Some conclusions:
​
  • The inclusion of the nuclear energy was agreed by the European Parliament.
  • ​To promote diversification, member states are restricted to importing only 50% of modules from a single country per year in auctions. This measure aims to reduce dependency on non-EU countries, particularly China, for solar modules​.

NZIA is part of the Green Deal Industrial Plan and aims to create a predictable and simplified regulatory environment to promote investments in key products for climate neutrality. The Act seeks to enhance the competitiveness and resilience of the EU's net-zero technology industrial base, forming the backbone of a reliable, sustainable clean energy system. By accelerating net-zero technology development, the Act objective is to prevent new strategic dependencies.

Scope and Benefits

The future Regulation targets products, components, and equipment essential for net-zero technologies.

It distinguishes between net-zero technologies and strategic net-zero technologies, which significantly contribute to decarbonization by 2030.

Strategic net-zero technologies benefit from additional advantages, such as resilience criteria in auctions and the potential to become Net-Zero strategic projects with priority status for shorter timelines. Selection criteria include technology readiness, decarbonization contribution, and energy system resilience.

Included Technologies

  • Solar photovoltaic and thermal
  • Onshore and offshore renewable
  • Battery/storage
  • Heat pumps and geothermal
  • Electrolysers and fuel cells
  • Sustainable biogas/biomethane
  • Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
  • Grid technologies

Benchmarks

The NZIA sets a benchmark for strategic net-zero technologies to meet at least 40% of the EU’s annual deployment needs by 2030, providing predictability for manufacturers and investors. It also targets 50 million tonnes of annual CO2 storage capacity by 2030 to support carbon capture and storage projects.

Investment Facilitation

The NZIA creates favorable conditions for investments in net-zero technology manufacturing by:
  • Reducing administrative burdens and streamlining permitting
  • Ensuring access to information
  • Facilitating market access in public procurement and auctions
  • Supporting innovation through regulatory sandboxes

Enhancing Skills

A skilled workforce is vital for net-zero technology manufacturing. The NZIA will establish Net-Zero Academies to train 100,000 learners within three years, enhancing skills and facilitating qualification portability in regulated professions.

Net-Zero Europe Platform

The NZIA establishes a Net-Zero Europe Platform for the Commission and EU countries to discuss and exchange information, and gather input from stakeholders. This platform advises on financing for net-zero strategic projects and promotes the global adoption of net-zero technologies through Net-Zero Industrial Partnerships.

Conclusion

The NZIA goal is to accelerate the transition to climate neutrality and establishes a competitive net-zero industrial base in the EU. It provides a coordinated roadmap to reduce Europe's dependency on imports and single suppliers of net-zero technologies, enhancing the resilience of Europe's clean energy supply chains and ensuring continuity in the global energy market. 
Sources: European Union, http://www.europa.eu/, 1995-2025, 

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