The EU has spent the last few years building a more resilient energy strategy: less dependence on Russian fossil fuels, more renewables, more efficiency and tighter security rules. But renewed instability in the Gulf is a reminder that Europe remains vulnerable when global energy routes come under pressure.

The problem is not only price volatility. The EU continues to combine ambitious strategic objectives with uneven national implementation. Brussels can set the direction, but the 27 Member States do not always move with the same speed, discipline or industrial capacity.

A strategy increasingly tested by external shocks

If geopolitical tensions continue to affect oil and LNG markets, the gap between European policy ambition and effective implementation could again translate into higher industrial costs, weaker competitiveness and renewed pressure on growth.

How resilient is Europe’s energy strategy to the next geopolitical shock?

Read the full assessment of EU energy targets, binding obligations, implementation gaps, competitiveness risks and Europe’s exposure to renewed oil and LNG market disruption.