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THE NEW FRONTIERS

Artificial intelligence
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI has the potential to revolutionize many fields, from healthcare and education to finance and transportation.

AI is made up of several subfields, including machine learning, natural language processing, robotics, and computer vision. Machine learning is the process of teaching machines to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Natural language processing involves teaching machines to understand human language, while computer vision is focused on enabling machines to interpret and understand visual information.

AI is already being used in many industries. In healthcare, AI is being used to help diagnose diseases, develop personalized treatment plans, and monitor patients. In education, AI is being used to create personalized learning plans for students and to help teachers automate grading and other administrative tasks.

However, AI also poses many ethical and societal challenges. One concern is the potential for AI to automate jobs, leading to job loss for millions of workers. There are also concerns around bias and discrimination in AI systems, as well as issues around data privacy and security.

To address these concerns, many researchers and policymakers are calling for greater transparency and accountability in AI development and deployment. This includes developing ethical guidelines for AI systems, ensuring that they are transparent and explainable, and establishing robust data protection and privacy regulations.

In conclusion, AI has the potential to transform many aspects of our lives, but it also poses significant ethical and societal challenges. As we continue to develop and deploy AI systems, it is important to ensure that we do so in a responsible and ethical manner.
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Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence

The Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence is a collaborative effort by the European Commission, EU Member States, Norway, and Switzerland to accelerate AI investment, implement coordinated strategies, and align AI policies to prevent fragmentation within Europe. Updated in 2021, the plan aims to position the EU as a global leader in trustworthy AI by fostering innovation, ensuring ethical development aligned with European values, and enhancing competitiveness. It emphasizes significant investment, supports startups and SMEs, and aligns with digital and green priorities, including Europe's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The plan reflects the EU's ambition to build a robust, ethical AI ecosystem, assert digital sovereignty, and shape global AI governance.
Read the Plan

AI Act Regulation

In 2024, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act was adopted seeking to reduce risks for safety and protect fundamental rights (Artificial Intelligence Act)

Safety and liability are two sides of the same coin: they apply at different moments and reinforce each other.  While rules to ensure safety and protect fundamental rights will reduce risks, they do not eliminate those risks entirely. Where such a risk materialises, damage may still occur. In such instances, the liability rules of this proposal will apply.
EUROPEAN A.I. ACT REGULATION

AI Liability

The Commission has proposed a Directive COM(2022) 496 final on Adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive).

While awaiting the approval of this Proposal, the replacement of Directive 85/374 on liability for defective products has been approved with a new Directive (EU) 2024/2853 to include provisions also concerning Artificial Intelligence.
A.I. LIABILITY

European AI Office and AI Board on Artificial Intelligence

Created by the Regulation on AI Act, The European AI Office is the center of AI expertise across the European Union. It plays a pivotal role in implementing the AI Act—the world's first comprehensive legal framework on artificial intelligence—by fostering the development and use of trustworthy AI and promoting international cooperation.

The European Artificial Intelligence Board (AI Board) is a key advisory body established by the AI Act, which took effect on 1 August 2024. The Board plays a crucial role in shaping EU AI policy and ensuring the effective implementation of the AI Act across the European Union.
A.I. OFFICE & THE BOARD

European Artificial Intelligence Alliance

The European AI Alliance is an initiative by the European Commission to establish an open policy dialogue on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Launched in 2018, the AI Alliance has engaged around 6,000 stakeholders through regular events, public consultations, and online forum exchanges.
European Artificial Intelligence Alliance

High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG)

Created by the European Commission in 2018 and concluding its work in 2020, the general objective of the Group was to support the implementation of the first European initiatives on AI. It provided guidelines for developing and deploying AI systems in a trustworthy manner, focusing on principles like human agency, technical robustness, privacy, transparency, diversity, and accountability. While not legally binding, these guidelines influenced EU policy and practice.

The Group is composed by 52 experts.
More on AI HLEG

The EU investments on AI

  • HORIZON EUROPE
  • ​DIGITAL EUROPE PROGRAMME
  • ERDF & COHESION FUND
  • InvestEU PROGRAMME
  • RECOVERY & RESILIENCE FACILITY
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Horizon Europe

Cluster 4: Digital, Industry and Space

The financing on Artificial Intelligence is inscribed in Cluster 4 of Horizon Europe Framework programme 2021-2027.
​​The overarching vision behind the investments under Cluster 4 is that of Europe shaping competitive and trusted technologies for a European industry with global leadership in key areas, enabling production and consumption to respect the boundaries of our planet, and maximising the benefits for all parts of society in the variety of social, economic and territorial contexts in Europe.
This contributes to a competitive, digital, low-carbon and circular industry, ensures sustainable supply of raw materials, develops advanced materials and provides the basis for advances and innovation in  global challenges to society.

Go to Horizon Europe Cluster 4 for details and EU Funding & Tenders

Digital Europe programme

The Digital Europe Programme (DIGITAL) is a EU funding programme focused on bringing digital technology to businesses, citizens and public administrations.

The Digital Europe Programme, with a budget of €7.5 billion , and € 2;5 billion for A.I (2021-2027) (of which €1.3 billion for 2023-2024, aims to address challenges in supercomputing, AI, cybersecurity, digital skills, and the adoption of digital technologies. The program aims to accelerate economic recovery and drive digital transformation across Europe, with a particular focus on supporting small and medium-sized enterprises. The funding will complement other EU programs, including the Horizon Europe program for research and innovation, the Connecting Europe Facility for digital infrastructure, and the Recovery and Resilience Facility. The Digital Europe Programme is part of the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 and will work in conjunction with other initiatives to support the development of a digital Europe.

Go to Digital Europe Programme for details and EU Funding & Tenders

ERDF & Cohesion Fund

Managed by Member States, these Funds support regional investments, including in digitalization and AI, to reduce economic and social disparities.
Go To ERDF & COHESION FUND

InvestEU PROGRAMME


This Programme support investment and access to finance, including for digital and AI projects, particularly for SMEs and mobilize over €372 billion in investments.
Go To InvestEU PROGRAMME

Recovery and Resilience Facility

With a budget of €723.8 billion (loans and grants) for 2021-2027, at least 20% of each national plan must be dedicated to digital transition, including AI. The objective of RRF is to mitigate the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with investments in AI seen as key to recovery.
Go To RECOVERY & RESILIENCE FACILITY

EU Millestones on A.I.


  1. 1 August 2024
    AI Act enters into force

  2. February 2024
    European AI Office

  3. January 2024
    AI innovation package to support Artificial Intelligence startups and SMEs

  4. December 2023
    Political agreement on the AI Act reached by the co-legislators

  5. June 2023
    European Parliament's negotiating position on AI Act

  6. December 2022
    General approach of the Council on AI Act

  7. September 2022
    Proposal for an AI liability directive

  8. June 2022
    Launch of first AI regulatory sandbox in Spain: Bringing the AI Regulation forward

  9. December 2021
    Committee of the Regions, Opinion on the AI Act
    European Central Bank, Opinion on the AI Act (.PDF)


  10. November 2021
    Council of the EU: SI Presidency compromise text on the AI Act (.PDF)
    High-Level Conference on AI: From Ambition to Action (3d European AI Alliance Assembly)
    European Economic and Social Committee, Opinion on the AI Act


  11. June 2021
    Public consultation on Civil liability – adapting liability rules to the digital age and artificial intelligence
    European Commission: Proposal for a Regulation on Product Safety


  12. April 2021
    European Commission: Communication on Fostering a European approach to AI
    European Commission: Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on AI
    European Commission: updated coordinated plan on AI
    European Commission: Impact assessment of an AI regulation


  13. October 2020
    2nd European AI Alliance Assembly

  14. July 2020
    Inception impact assessment: Ethical and legal requirements on AI
    High-Level Expert Group on AI: Final assessment list on trustworthy AI (ALTAI)
    High-Level Expert Group on AI: Sectorial recommendations of trustworthy AI


  15. February 2020
    European Commission: White paper on AI: a European approach to excellence and trust
    Public consultation on a European approach to excellence and trust in AI


  16. December 2019
    High-Level Expert Group on AI: Piloting of assessment list of trustworthy AI

  17. June 2019
    First European AI Alliance Assembly
    High-Level Expert Group on AI: Policy and investment recommendations of AI


  18. April 2019
    European Commission Communication: Building trust in human-centric artificial intelligence
    High-Level expert group on AI: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI


  19. December 2018
    European Commission: Coordinated plan on AI
    European Commission (Press release): AI made in Europe
    European Commission Communication: AI made in Europe
    Stakeholder consultation on draft ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI


  20. June 2018
    Launch of the European AI alliance
    Set up of the high-level expert group on AI


  21. April 2018
    Press release: Artificial intelligence for Europe
    Communication: Artificial intelligence for Europe
    Staff working document: Liability for emerging digital technologies
    Declaration of cooperation on artificial intelligence


  22. March 2018
    Press release: AI expert group and European AI alliance

Sources: European Union, http://www.europa.eu/, 1995-2025, 

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